Standardization

What is Standardization?

Standardization is another scaling technique where the values are centered around the mean with a unit
standard deviation. This means that the mean of the attribute becomes zero and the resultant
distribution has a unit standard deviation.

Here’s the formula for standardization:

μ is the mean of the feature values and

σ is the standard deviation of the feature values.

Note that in this case, the values are not restricted to a particular range

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Batch and Online Learning

It is the criterion used to classify Machine Learning systems is whether or not the system can learn incrementally from a stream of incoming data. Batch learning In batch learning , the system is incapable of learning incrementally: it must be trained using all the available data. This will generally take a lot of time and computing resources, so it is typically done offline. First the system is trained, and then it is launched into production and runs without learning anymore; it just applies what it has learned. This is called offline learning . If you want a batch learning system to know about new data (such as a new type of spam), you need to train a new version of the system from scratch on the full dataset (not just the new data, but also the old data), then stop the old system and replace it with the new one. Fortunately, the whole process of training, evaluating, and launching a Machine Learning system can be automated fairly easily (as shown in Figure 1-3 ), so even a batch

What is text.similar() & text.common_contexts() of nltk

Let's first define our input text, I will just Copy/Paste the first paragraph of Game of Thrones Wikipedia page : input_text = "Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series \ created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for HBO. It is an adaptation of A Song \ of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of \ which is A Game of Thrones. The show was filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the \ United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the \ United States.[1] The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April \ 17, 2011, and concluded on May 19, 2019, with 73 episodes broadcast over \ eight seasons. Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos, Game of \ Thrones has several plots and a large ensemble cast, and follows several story \ arcs. One arc is about the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms, and follows a web \ of alliances and conflicts among the noble dynasties either vying to claim the

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